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5. The anomalies explained
John Finney
in Water: A Very Short Introduction
‘The anomalies explained’ considers why water behaves differently from most other liquids and why this is so important chemically, biologically, and environmentally. Ice contracts on ...
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3. Bridging matter
Peter Atkins
in Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction
‘Bridging matter’ introduces statistical thermodynamics, which provides the link between the notional insides and outsides of atoms and molecules. It identifies the bulk properties of a ...
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6. Changing the identity of matter
Peter Atkins
in Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction
A great deal of chemistry is concerned with changing the identity of matter by the deployment of chemical reactions. Physical chemists are interested in a variety of aspects of chemical ...
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5. Changing the state of matter
Peter Atkins
in Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction
‘Changing the state of matter’ considers the transformations states of matter undergo from one form to another during the processes of freezing, boiling, dissolving, and mixing. All such ...
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Conclusion
Peter Atkins
in The Laws of Thermodynamics: A Very Short Introduction
We are at the end of our journey. We have seen that thermodynamics, the study of the transformations of energy, is a subject of great breadth and underlies and elucidates many of the most ...
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2. The first law: The conservation of energy
Peter Atkins
in The Laws of Thermodynamics: A Very Short Introduction
The first law of thermodynamics is an extension of the law of conservation of energy, expressed in terms of the internal energy of a closed system relative to the heat supplied to it and ...
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4. Free energy: The availability of work
Peter Atkins
in The Laws of Thermodynamics: A Very Short Introduction
Free energy can be defined as the energy within a system that is free to do work rather than escape from the system as heat. ‘Free energy’ defines and explains the terms free energy, ...
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7. Investigating matter
Peter Atkins
in Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction
Physical chemistry lies at the heart of one of chemistry's principal applications and achievements: the identification of the substances present in a sample and the determination of their ...
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1. Matter from the inside
Peter Atkins
in Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction
‘Matter from the inside’ shows that one way to understand how a physical chemist thinks and contributes to chemistry is to start at the atom's interior and then travel out into the world of ...
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2. Matter from the outside
Peter Atkins
in Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction
‘Matter from the outside’ focuses on the applications of thermodynamics in physical chemistry. Thermodynamics is the science of energy and the transformations that it can undergo. It plays ...
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3. The second law: The increase in entropy
Peter Atkins
in The Laws of Thermodynamics: A Very Short Introduction
The second law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy: a measure of the disorder, or the quality of energy, that a system possesses. The law itself states that the entropy of ...
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7. Some past and current controversies
John Finney
in Water: A Very Short Introduction
The structure, dynamics, and properties of water are pretty well understood. We have a good idea of its structure, and how that structure explains why its properties are sometimes different ...
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4. States of matter
Peter Atkins
in Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction
‘States of matter’ describes the three traditional states — gas, liquid, and solid — and the models used to predict and understand their behaviour. The van der Waals equation of state ...
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5. The third law: The unattainability of zero
Peter Atkins
in The Laws of Thermodynamics: A Very Short Introduction
Although the third law of thermodynamics does not have the same practical implications as the first two, it does make possible their application. ‘The third law’ examines how considerations ...
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6. Water as a biomolecule
John Finney
in Water: A Very Short Introduction
Why is water biologically important? ‘Water as a biomolecule’ considers how water influences biological processes and what properties of the water molecule enable it to do so by focusing on ...
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4. Water as a liquid—and as glass(es)
John Finney
in Water: A Very Short Introduction
For a liquid to flow, the molecules must move. So can a liquid have a structure? ‘Water as a liquid—and as glass(es)’ illustrates that it can; under normal temperature and pressure ...
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3. Water as ice(s)
John Finney
in Water: A Very Short Introduction
‘Water as ice(s)’ describes the sixteen known crystalline phases of ice, starting with normal ice, as well as a potential seventeenth phase called cubic ice, for which they may be evidence ...
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2. The water molecule and its interactions
John Finney
in Water: A Very Short Introduction
‘The water molecule and its interactions’ discusses the structural and electrical properties of the water molecule. A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent ...
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1. Water, water everywhere …
John Finney
in Water: A Very Short Introduction
Water (H2O) is the most abundant compound on the Earth’s surface and occurs naturally in gas, liquid, and solid forms. It is estimated that there are 1.9 billion billion tonnes of water on ...
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1. The zeroth law: The concept of temperature
Peter Atkins
in The Laws of Thermodynamics: A Very Short Introduction
The zeroth law can be most simply stated as: ‘If A is in thermal equilibrium with B, and B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then C will be in thermal equilibrium with A.’ ‘The zeroth law’ ...
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